High-profile programmes where published reviews found weak governance, control or assurance. Every figure links to its public source.
Local government · ERP
Birmingham City Council: Oracle finance & HR
c.£19m → £170m+
Originally expected to cost £19m; reported to have cost more than £170m (BBC News). Approved programme budget across 2018/19–2025/26: £131m (The Register).
Lesson: independent reviews cited poor governance, risk controls and in-house expertise. Go-live readiness needs independent challenge.
Local government · ERP
West Sussex County Council: SAP to Oracle Fusion
£2.6m → c.£41m
Budget agreed in 2019 of £2.6m; total estimated cost now around £41m, more than 15 times the original, and five years late (The Register).
Lesson: auditors noted weaknesses in budgeting, governance and risk management. Baseline the full cost before committing.
Banking · IT migration
TSB: 2018 platform migration
£330m + £48.65m fine
Migration costs of £330m in 2018 (The Guardian); FCA and PRA fines of £48.65m (FCA).
Lesson: regulators found TSB failed to organise and control the programme adequately or manage outsourcing risk.
Health · national IT
NHS National Programme for IT
£9.8bn forecast cost
Forecast cost of £9.8bn, still rising, with benefits to March 2012 of £3.7bn, about half the costs incurred (Public Accounts Committee).
Lesson: the department acknowledged too little attention was paid to securing benefits. Assure benefits, not just delivery.
Transport · infrastructure
Edinburgh Trams
£545m → £835.7m
Budget of £545m for the full line; best estimate of £835.7m for a shortened line, opened years late (Edinburgh Tram Inquiry).
Lesson: the inquiry found a "litany of avoidable failures" (BBC). Reported costs must be complete and accurate.
Transport · infrastructure
Crossrail (Elizabeth line)
£14.8bn → £17.6bn
Funding rose by £2.8bn and the December 2018 opening was missed (National Audit Office).
Lesson: the NAO pointed to an unrealistic schedule and sponsors' limited oversight. Assurance must test the plan, not just report against it.
Central government · digital
Universal Credit: early phase
£40.1m written off
IT assets worth £40.1m written off, with a further £91m written down over five years (National Audit Office).
Lesson: the NAO found early progress was not value for money (NAO). Early independent review saves sunk cost.
Retail · ERP
Lidl: SAP "eLWIS"
c.€500m, abandoned
Stopped in 2018 after seven years; industry estimates put the investment at around €500m (heise online).
Lesson: heavy customisation to fit existing practice raised cost and complexity. Challenge scope and fit early.
The pattern is the same each time: optimistic plans, incomplete reporting and too little independent challenge. Independent programme assurance gives boards an honest view of delivery confidence early, while there's still time to act. Talk to me about assurance for your programme.